Macro Economics Analysis Essay Example

Macro Economics Analysis Essay Economics 100 Assignment option 2 Lecture: Ms Maria Lantzke Thursday 8. 30 am to 12. 30 pm Table of contents 1. Article summary †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 2. Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 3. Analysis .. 3 1. UK Inflation Rate †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 Definition of inflation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 Causes of inflation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 2. Consumer price index †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Definition of Consumer price index †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 Increasing CPI in UK.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. .5 3. Business cycle †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 Definition of Business cycle †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦.. 6 Business cycle in UK†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 3. 4 Interest rate and monetary policy †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 Expansionary monetary policy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 Contractionary monetary p olicy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦.. †¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 4. 0 Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 9 5. 0 Reference list †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 10 1. 0 Article summary This article called â€Å"UK inflation rate rises to 4% in January† was posted on February 15, 2011 by BBC. It displays increased inflation rate in Unites Kingdom. Indeed, The UK Consumer Prices Index (CPI) annual inflation rate rose to 4% in January. This CPI figure picked up highest since November 2008. Monetary policy committee (MPC) is considering a possible increase in the interest rate to try to cool inflation. However there are contrasting opinions about when the Central Bank should increase it. In addition, the article refers to the causes of inflation. Mr. King, the Bank of England governor, recognizes possible causes of inflation in the VAT rise, the fall in the pound and recent rises in commodity prices. However, Chancellor G. Osborne disagrees about the VAT rise as a cause of inflation. Furthermore, in this article there are more others causes of inflation: the high price of petrol and crude oil, global changes in the price of foods and commodities. 2. Introduction This report provides an analysis of inflation in UK with applying some economics theories. The inflation rate picked up 4% in January which is highest since November 2008. In this article there are four main concepts of macroeconomics, such as inflation and CPI, interest rate and monetary policy. The purpose of the report is to describe the economic problems in England, through the analysis of these economics theories. 3. 0 Analysis 3. 1 Inflation rate Inflation is the sustained increase in the general level of prices in the economic (Hubbard et al. 2010). It’s measured by the price level, which measures the average prices of goods and services in the economy. We will write a custom essay sample on Macro Economics Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Macro Economics Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Macro Economics Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The figure of percentage increase in the price level from one year to next is called inflation rate. In UK, the inflation rate rose above the 2% target. Bank of England governor, Mr. King, believes the inflation will rise towards 5% in the next months and MMC thinks that high inflation is just temporary as it will fall below the target in 3 years. However, Inflation below the target of 2% is judged to be just as bad as inflation above the target. Causes of inflation Inflation is usually categorized as demand-pull or cost-push. Demand-pull inflation is a rise in general price level in the economy caused by an increase in the aggregate demand and production levels are not able to meet the high demand immediately (Hubbard et al. 2010) Cost push inflation is a rise in general price level in the economy caused by a decrease in the aggregate supply of goods and services. Aggregate supply decrease when there is an increase in price of inputs, such as raw materials, equipments, machinery. [pic] Figure 1 Cost-push inflation Figure 1 shows the process of cost-push inflation; 1. The economy is riginally at equilibrium at point A, with the price level P1 and real GDP Y1. 2. A supply shock moves the aggregate supply curve to the left, from SRAS1 to SRAS2, which leads to a fall in real GDP below its potential level and a rise in the price level from P1 to P2 (Hubbard et al. 2010). The article refers to a rise of prices of petrol and crude oil, two essential raw materials, as two causes of inflation. The higher oil price affects others related with it such as cars, factories, any machineries operated by oil. And also mortgage interest payment has been increased from 4. 8% to 5. 1% as Retail Prices Index (RPI). There are no evidences about a rise in demand for goods and services. Therefore UK inflation can be considered cost-push inflation. 3. 2 Consumer price index The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is an average of the prices of goods and services purchased by the typical family. CPI is also called â€Å"cost of living index† as it measures the cost to the typical family to buy a representative basket of goods and services. Office for National Statistics (ONS) review â€Å"the â€Å"shopping basket† every year and decide which items taking outside and which bringing in, to reflect changes in the market (Topic guide to: Price Indices and Inflation. . d. ). Despite CPI is the most popular measure of inflation, it has some disadvantages as it cant measure the substitution bias, increase in quality bias, new product bias and outlet bias. . substitution bias: ONS assumes that consumers buy the same quantity of each product in the market basket each month, while consumers are likely to substitute a product, whose price goes up, with a cheaper one. . Increase in quality bias: products can improve in quality and therefore the higher prices will reflect also the higher quality of these products. However CPI cant measure quality of products. New product bias: ONS updates â€Å"the shopping basket† every year, but during this period of time a lot of new products, such as new technology tools, can come out in the market. However new products are not included in CPI. . Outlet bias: many people buy products from discount stores or via internet, while ONS collects price statistics just from traditional full-price retail stores. So CPI cannot always reflect the prices that consumers actually pay. CPI in UK rose to 4% in January, highest record since November 2008. According to the article, â€Å"The price of petrol as measured by the CPI was ? . 27 a liter in January 2011, which the Office for National Statistics said was a record high. † In addition, t here has been an increase in price of food, commodities, costs of transport, furniture, alcohol and UK government rose VAT from 17. 5% to 20% in January. 3. Business cycle Business cycle consists in alternating periods of economic expansion and economic recession. According to the article, UK economy contracted by 0. 5% in the final quarter of 2010, going in recession phase. In the recession phase employment, production and income decrease. Generally, during recession, inflation rate goes down as there is a decline in consumption. As a consequence, firms have problems to sell their products and will not raise prices. However, in UK the inflation is keeping on rising, but MPC believes that inflation is temporary and will be below the target in three years. 4. Interest rate and monetary policy Monetary policy is one of the tools that central banks use to influence economy. Using its monetary authority to control the supply and availability of money, the central banks attempt to influence the overall level of economic activity in line with their objectives. The objectives of the Bank of England are: maintaining price stability – low inflation – and supporting economic growth. Price stability is defined by the Government’s inflation target of 2%. In 1998 Bank of England was recognized independent to set interest rates from the government. The legislation provides that if, in extreme circumstances, the Government has the power to give instructions to the Bank on interest rates for a limited period (Monetary Policy Framework. n. d. ). The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) is a special committee, which meets monthly to decide the level of interest rates. It is chaired by the Governor of the Bank of England, Mr. King (Monetary Policy Framework. n. d. ). The central bank can decide to undertake expansionary monetary policy or contractionary monetary policy. Expansionary monetary policy Expansionary monetary policy consists on actions taken by the central bank to increase economic growth rate, by decreasing interest rate. Indeed lower interest rate increases real GDP and the aggregate demand as: Lower interest rate causes consumption to increase and discourage people to save money Lower interest rate causes investment to increase as borrowing money will be less expensive. Therefore firms will find convenient borrow money from the banks to engage in new investment projects. As it’s shown, lower interest rate stimulate AG and the new equilibrium of economy will occur at the new potential RGDP. However, as AD and GDP rise, also the price level will rise, increasing inflation. [pic] Figure 2 expansionary monetary policy At the beginning the economy is in equilibrium at point A. During the time, LRAS1 shifts to LRAS2. Without expansionary monetary, AD1 will shift to AD2 (without policy),which is below the potential RGDP. By lowering interest rate, the central bank increase consumption, investment and net export sufficiently to shift AD1 to AD2 (with policy). New equilibrium is at point C. The price level at point C is higher than it would have been without policy. Contractionary monetary policy On the contrary, contractionary monetary policy consists on actions taken by the central bank to reduce too fast economic growth and inflation rate, by increasing interest rate. Higher interest rate causes AD to decrease as: Consumption declines and people find more profitable saving money Investment declines as borrowing money become more expensive for the firms. Therefore firms are not stimulated to do new investment projects. As it’s shown, higher interest rate causes AD to decrease. As a consequence, price level and RGDP will decrease as well, leading to a decline of inflation rate. [pic] Figure 3 Contractionary monetary policy This figure shows an example of contractionary monetary policy. High inflation in UK â€Å"will put pressure on the Bank of England to lift nterest rates to curb accelerating inflation†. As we seen before, increases in interest rate can be an efficient tool to reduce inflation. However contractionary monetary policy is used generally when the economy is growing too fast, but in the case of UK, the economic growth rate decreased by 0. 5%. Therefore, an expansionary monetary policy with low interest rate should help the economy to revitalize as firms and households are willing to spend more and to be engaged in new investments. According to the article â€Å"interest rates have remained so far a historic low of 0. % for the 23rd consecutive month†. 4. 0 CONCLUSION To sum up, the Bank of England is waiting to see the next inflation rate and the government actions, before taking any decisions. The interest rate is still at the low percentage of 0. 5% and the central bank hopes that it helps to turn around the economy. Despite of the Bank’s conviction that inflation is just temporary, it’s estimated an additional rise to about 5%. Therefore an increase in interest rate will occur for sure in the future, but still it’s not certain when it’s the best time to do it. . 0 REFRENCE LIST Hubbard, Anne M. Garnett, Philip Lewis, Anthony Patrick O’Brien. 2010. Essentials of economics. Frenchs Forest, NSW. Pearson Australia. UK Nationl Statisstics, Topic guide to: Pr ice Indices and Inflation. n. d. http://www. statistics. gov. uk/hub/economy/prices-output-and-productivity/price-indices-and-inflation/index. html (accessed May 18, 2011) Bank of England, Monetary Policy Framework. n. d. http://www. bankofengland. co. uk/monetarypolicy/framework. htm (accessed May 19, 2011)

s History

THE SENECA FALLS CONVENTION In July 1848, on the initiative of Mott and Stanton, the first women’s rights convention met at a Wesleyan church chapel in Seneca Falls, New York. Between 100 and 300 people attended the convention, among them many male sympathizers. After serious discussion of proposed means to achieve their ends, the delegates finally agreed that the primary goal should be attainment of the franchise. The convention then adopted a Declaration of Sentiments patterned after the American Declaration of Independence. Public reaction to the Seneca Falls convention presaged a stormy future for the new movement. Although many prominent Americans, including the famed editor Horace Greeley and the abolitionist leader William Lloyd Garrison, warmly supported it, many citizens and the great majority of newspapers responded with ridicule, fury, and vilification. Suffragists were called the shrieking sisterhood, branded as unfeminine, and accused of immorality and drunkenness. Later, when suffragist leaders undertook speaking tours in support of women’s rights, temperance, and abolition, they were often subjected to physical violence. Meetings repeatedly were stormed and disrupted by gangs of street bullies. On one occasion when Anthony spoke in Albany, New York, the city mayor sat on the rostrum brandishing a revolver to discourage possible attacks by hoodlums in the audience. Despite intimidation, the woman-suffrage and abolitionist movements continued for some years to grow side by side. V AFTER THE CIVIL WAR Bitter disagreements over strategy engendered a schism between the suffragist and abolitionist groups after the American Civil War. Many male abolitionists voiced fears that the demands of women suffragists might impede the campaign to gain voting rights for male ex-slaves. The issue came to a head in 1868, when the abolitionists pressed for a constitutional amendment enfranchising all Americans regardless of rac... 's History Free Essays on Women\'s History THE SENECA FALLS CONVENTION In July 1848, on the initiative of Mott and Stanton, the first women’s rights convention met at a Wesleyan church chapel in Seneca Falls, New York. Between 100 and 300 people attended the convention, among them many male sympathizers. After serious discussion of proposed means to achieve their ends, the delegates finally agreed that the primary goal should be attainment of the franchise. The convention then adopted a Declaration of Sentiments patterned after the American Declaration of Independence. Public reaction to the Seneca Falls convention presaged a stormy future for the new movement. Although many prominent Americans, including the famed editor Horace Greeley and the abolitionist leader William Lloyd Garrison, warmly supported it, many citizens and the great majority of newspapers responded with ridicule, fury, and vilification. Suffragists were called the shrieking sisterhood, branded as unfeminine, and accused of immorality and drunkenness. Later, when suffragist leaders undertook speaking tours in support of women’s rights, temperance, and abolition, they were often subjected to physical violence. Meetings repeatedly were stormed and disrupted by gangs of street bullies. On one occasion when Anthony spoke in Albany, New York, the city mayor sat on the rostrum brandishing a revolver to discourage possible attacks by hoodlums in the audience. Despite intimidation, the woman-suffrage and abolitionist movements continued for some years to grow side by side. V AFTER THE CIVIL WAR Bitter disagreements over strategy engendered a schism between the suffragist and abolitionist groups after the American Civil War. Many male abolitionists voiced fears that the demands of women suffragists might impede the campaign to gain voting rights for male ex-slaves. The issue came to a head in 1868, when the abolitionists pressed for a constitutional amendment enfranchising all Americans regardless of rac...

Confidence Intervals and Confidence Levels in Sociology

Confidence Intervals and Confidence Levels in Sociology A confidence interval is a measure of estimation that is typically used in quantitative sociological research. It is an estimated range of values that is likely to include the population parameter being calculated. For instance, instead of estimating the mean age of a certain population to be a single value like 25.5 years, we could say that the mean age is somewhere between 23 and 28. This confidence interval contains the single value we are estimating, yet it gives us a wider net to be right. When we use confidence intervals to estimate a number ​or population parameter, we can also estimate just how accurate our estimate is. The likelihood that our confidence interval will contain the population parameter is called the confidence level. For example, how confident are we that our confidence interval of 23 – 28 years of age contains the mean age of our population? If this range of ages was calculated with a 95 percent confidence level, we could say that we are 95 percent confident that the mean age of our population is between 23 and 28 years. Or, the chances are 95 out of 100 that the mean age of the population falls between 23 and 28 years. Confidence levels can be constructed for any level of confidence, however, the most commonly used are 90 percent, 95 percent, and 99 percent. The larger the confidence level is, the narrower the confidence interval. For instance, when we used a 95 percent confidence level, our confidence interval was 23 – 28 years of age. If we use a 90 percent confidence level to calculate the confidence level for the mean age of our population, our confidence interval might be 25 – 26 years of age. Conversely, if we use a 99 percent confidence level, our confidence interval might be 21 – 30 years of age. Calculating The Confidence Interval There are four steps to calculating the confidence level for means. Calculate the standard error of the mean.Decide on the level of confidence (i.e. 90 percent, 95 percent, 99 percent, etc.). Then, find the corresponding Z value. This can usually be done with a table in an appendix of a statistics text book. For reference, the Z value for a 95 percent confidence level is 1.96, while the Z value for a 90 percent confidence level is 1.65, and the Z value for a 99 percent confidence level is 2.58.Calculate the confidence interval.*Interpret the results. *The formula for calculating the confidence interval is: CI sample mean /- Z score (standard error of the mean). If we estimate the mean age for our population to be 25.5, we calculate the standard error of the mean to be 1.2, and we choose a 95 percent confidence level (remember, the Z score for this is 1.96), our calculation would look like this: CI 25.5 – 1.96(1.2) 23.1 andCI 25.5 1.96(1.2) 27.9. Thus, our confidence interval is 23.1 to 27.9 years of age. This means that we can be 95 percent confident that the actual mean age of the population is not less than 23.1 year, and is not greater than 27.9. In other words, if we collect a large amount of samples (say, 500) from the population of interest, 95 times out of 100, the true population mean would be included within our computed interval. With a 95 percent confidence level, there is a 5 percent chance that we are wrong. Five times out of 100, the true population mean will not be included in our specified interval. Updated  by Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D.

Reading Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Reading Response - Essay Example The observations by the explorers when reaching the island were a unique presence of the locals. They worked around naked and where friendly and generous. Columbus directed the other contingent to head north-northwest to explore and find more about the people living there. It is clear on what guided the explorers. Columbus focused less on the gifts they received from the locals but was aiming at the gold ornaments owned by the locals. This is an indication of what drove the explorers towards the island. The factors that led to the exploration were the search for treasure and raw materials. Columbus observes and finds out the origin of the ornaments. His intention was to identify whether it was obtained through trade or it was acquired locally. He was designing a positive feedback to send to the palace on their way home. The first explorers were tasked in observing and identifying opportunities on the land. The positive result prompted many settlers to contemplate living their home country and settling in the east. The other positive about the island was the richness in agricultural products, evident on the tools traded by the indigenous people. Factors that facility the successful operation was the friendly nature by the locals. The reason behind the collaborative nature of the indigenous people was there view of the foreigners. They perceived them to be from the heavens and treated them like demigods. This gave the explorer a chance to study the landscape and explore opportunities that the land would offer in return. The result was the positive feedback to the queen who encouraged more settlers to head to the island. The arrival of the first voyage could lead to more visitors to the land, this was a fact ignored by the locals. They provided information that led to the successful conquest of the land. The freedom of the locals was to be denied once the settlers

Normative and Felt Needs Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Normative and Felt Needs Assessment - Essay Example Unfortunately, these habits are taking their toll on the bodies and the minds of people and they are becoming victim of many chronic diseases due to unhealthy lifestyle. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is one of those diseases which is caused by unhealthy lifestyle. The study of the Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus shows that if people take care of their lifestyle and become aware of causes of this disease, they can prevent getting Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. It is high time that everyone should be made aware of this disease. Type 2 Diabetes mellitus can be defined as a â€Å"group of metabolic diseases characterized and diagnosed by a chronic elevation of blood glucose (hyperglycaemia) that results from defects in insulin section secretion, insulin action or both. This may be accompanied by a variety of disturbances of carbohydrates, protein and fat metabolism† (Levene 2003, p.7). Type 2 diabetes is also called as ‘lifestyle disease’ as it is caused by consumption of unhealthy food and leading a physically inactive life (What is type 2 diabetes?, n.d.). The important thing to be noted about Type 2 Diabetes mellitus is that because it often shows no strong physical symptoms, it remains undetected for number of years. Only when a person suffers from some strong signs like a heart attack or vision problem does he/she realizes that he/she might be sufferin from the disease (What is type 2 diabetes?, n.d.). The lack of strong and specific physical symptoms has made it difficult for this disease to be detected. This has made it more important to make people aware about Type 2 Diabetes mellitus. Type 2 Diabetes mellitus has a hereditary tendency and this maybe because of the lifestyle habits

Space and TIme Essay Example for Free

Space and TIme Essay Many people wish that they could go back in time and change something that they have done; even if it was a small mistake, or a large one that changed their life forever. Science is trying to prove that time travel does exist using the Space-time continuum. With controversy on both sides, scientists have proven that the space-time continuum does exist; however time travel is still up for debate. How Space-time was created For a long time we saw space and time as two separate entities. Many very sound theories existed before the space time theory came about. Some of those theories were Isaac Newton’s theories of mechanics and James Clerk Maxwell’s theories on electromagnetism. Though these theories never quite agreed with each other. For some time before this light was known to be an electromagnetic phenomenon, but never followed the laws of mechanics as matter does. This prompted Albert A. Michelson and many others to study light itself. Their studies showed that â€Å"light always traveled with the same velocity, regardless of the speed of its source† (Overduin, 2007 para 1) It was latter discove red that the speed of light was an unsrupassable speed limit on the universe; meaning nothing can travel faster than the speed of light which is 299,792,458 meters per second. Though none of these phycistest were able to put the whole story together. At the young age of 16, Albert Einstein often wondered what it would be like to travel along a ray of light. By 1905 Einstein proved that light must move at a constant speed no matter the speed of the source transmiting it. For this to be correct space and time can no longer be independent. Although Einstein did all this ground work on proving space-time he did not put them together.

LSD :: essays research papers

On October 27, 1906, a child by the name of Albert Hofmann was born(Albert, 1). This child would grow up to change the world forever. His research would create of subcultures of both the 1970’s and 1990’s. His discoveries would cause both grief and delight. His work in pharmacology brought the world one of the most terrifying discoveries of the 20th century, LSD   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It was a prosaic day in July, 1938 when Swiss chemist, Albert Hofmann, first discovered Lysergic Acid Diethylamide(LSD). He was hoping to discover a new circulatory and respiratory stimulant, when he stumbled upon one of the world’s most horrifying man-made substances; however, when this phenomenon was first tested it had no effects on the lab animals, therefore its study was discontinued.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  LSD’s study was revived in 1943, when research indicated it could potentially be used as treatment for schizophrenia, due to its similarity in structure to Nicatamide, a chemical found in the human brain, which directly affects the experiences of a Schizophrenic (DEA,1). On April 16, 1943, while Dr. Hofmann was measuring a fresh quantity of LSD, he accidentally dosed himself and was overcome with confusion. He was then obligated to leave work due to “a sensation of mild dizziness'; and “extreme activity of imagination.';(Discovery, 2) On April 19, 1943, at exactly 4:20 pm, Dr. Albert Hofmann ingested 0.25 mg. of liquid LSD and journeyed on the first intentional “acid trip.';   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1947, Dr. Hofmann’s employers, Sandoz Laboratories, began marketing LSD in Europe. It was introduced into the United States a year later. They advertised it “as a cure for everything from schizophrenia to criminal behavior, ‘sexual perversions,’ and alcoholism.';(Henderson/Glass, 40) Sandoz Laboratories urged many doctors to experiment with LSD to gain further knowledge of experiences which may occur to a Schizophrenic.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The effects of LSD are completely unpredictable. The user usually experiences wild mood swings and the sensation of feeling multiple emotions at once. Colors seem more intense and objects appear to move in an almost stroboscopic manner. It has also been known for the user to feel as though they are seeing sounds and hearing colors. If a large enough dose is taken, the drug may produce perceptual delusions and hallucinations.

Language Paper Essay

Language can be looked at differently from other types of cognitions. There is a need for language in one form or another to have the ability to communicate with other human beings. This communication is the basis to how human beings express themselves to those around them. With this expression comes the ability to formulate thoughts. These thoughts can be translated to others through language. This language play an important role when analyzing, problem-solving, creating reasons, communicating needs, and making plans. Without the existence of language the attempt for humans to achieve goals would be almost impossible to accomplish. Goals would have to be accomplished be figuring out an alternative method than language to be used for sciences, history, mathematics, and the ability to explain past experiences or cultures. Because language is such an important communication tool, this paper will go into the definition of language and lexicon, evaluating the key features of language, with a description of the four levels of the language structure and processing, and analyzing the role of language processing in cognitive psychology. . Define Language Because there is so many different ways of language it can be difficult to provide just one. Cognitive psychology defines language as a system of communication that is governed by a system of rules and can express an infinite number of propositions. In addition, natural language has two criteria. First it must be governed by a set of rules knows as grammar. Second it must be productive – an infinite number of things can be expressed (Galotti, 2015). But there are some factors that are deemed to be critical in the communication of human language. The factors that are deemed critical are: communicative, arbitrary, structured, generative, and dynamic  (Willingham, 2007). These critical items that are necessary for the formation of language starts with communicative. Communicative will allow communication between individuals. Arbitrary which means that a sound will stand for a meaning. Language, which needs to be structured and must follow a logical order to make sense. Generative which means that there are a limitless number of meanings that are associated to the word. Dynamic which means that language is constantly changing, growing, and adapting (Willingham, 2007). Define Lexicon Lexicon is defined as the mental store and is thought to be the keeper of the cognitive processor’s knowledge of words, which also includes the spelling, pronunciation, definition, and parts of speech (Galotti, 2015). Most researchers have a belief that when people recognize words through the process of matching where the spoken word will be compared with a mental dictionary. This mental dictionary is known as the lexicon. The lexicon is the foot bridge between language and knowledge (Willingham, 2007). This communication bridge for lexicons will vary depending on how and where a lexicon is used. However, the grammaticalizations will be different depending on the type of language being used. The words and expressions used in each language will be the lexicon for that individual language. Therefore an individual person’s own set of vocabulary would have their own personal lexicon attached to it that would be their own personal storage unit of their knowledge. Evaluate Key Features of Language Charles Hackett identified 13 features of human language and how the human language is differs from other forms of communication. Four key factors are vocal-auditory channel, specialization, arbitrariness, and traditional transmissions. Vocal-auditory channel is defined as the means that the standard human language occurs vocal (creation of sound by mouth) type of communication that can be perceived by hearing it (Hyde, 1998). Specialization is the use of organs in the production of speech and these organs are able to adapt to the task of speech. Example would be the lips, tongue, a throat of a human that have been specially adapted to the task of speech and not just to assist as an eating apparatus. Whereas, dogs do not  have the physical capabilities for the speech sounds that humans have the capability of because dogs lack the necessary specialized organs (Hyde, 1998). Arbitrariness is where there is no necessary connection between form of the signal and what is being referred to. An example would be a very large object like a whale and yet it is referred to with a very short word. Some would argue that four-legged animals could then be referred to as the sounds they make. However, the sounds animals make do not always translate across culture borders and therefore even onomatopoeic words would be to some extent also arbitrary (Hyde, 1998). Traditional transmissions has the meaning that human language is not something that exist from birth. Even though language does not exist from birth humans are born with some ability to perform language. In order for humans to perform language they will need to learn, acquire, the language that is spoken around them from others who speak the language. Learning language by listening to others is different from the communications in the animal world. In the animal world animals are born knowing their entire systems. Such is the case with bumble bees who are born with the knowledge of dance and song birds that are born with the knowledge of bird-songs. Describe the four levels of language structure and processing The four levels of language structure and processing are phonemes, words, sentences, and text. Phonemes is the shortest segment of speech that if changed would change the meaning of the word (Goldstein, 2014). There are 44 phonemes that make up the basic unit of sound (Galotti, 2015). The basic unit of sounds will vary from different languages. The study of the different ways that phonemes can be combined in any language is called phonology. Once you have put the sounds together the task then becomes to put the sounds in a coherent way, identifying the meaningful units of language and this aspect is known as morphology (Galotti, 2015). These sounds then become words, sentences, and text. Words should be placed in a sentence will have importance to the understanding of the sentence. Text will be a group of sentences that once placed together will be the formation of the paragraph in reference to a certain subject. Analyze the role of language processing in cognitive psychology How humans process information is a key factor in cognitive psychology. Language is what is used as the main source of communication for humans and is influenced by both internal and external factors and since cognitive psychology is the investigation of all mental abilities the processing of language plays an important role. There are two different proposals in regards to the relationship of language to other cognitive processes. The modularity hypothesis proposed that there are some aspects of language, especially syntactic processes, will function autonomously, and independently of any other cognitive process. This recent proposal awaits a more rigorous empirical testing even though there is some evidence does exist. The second proposal is the Whorfian hypothesis of linguistic relativity, even though it is very interesting it has so far not received strong or empirical support (Galotti, 2015). Cognitive psychology is the science of how the mind is organized to produce intelligent thought and how the mind is realized in the brain (Anderson, 2015). With cognitive psychology being the study of how the mind is organized to produce intelligent thought this knowledge is through either written or verbal communication. The written or verbal communication through language enables an individual to communicate thoughts and emotions. It is these thoughts and emotions that cognitive psychology attempts to understand. Conclusion Language is a system of communication that is governed by a set of rules and can express an infinite number of propositions. Natural language has two criteria. First it must be governed by a set of rules knows as grammar. Second it must be productive – where an infinite number of things can be expressed (Galotti, 2015). Language plays an important role in the regards to cognition because it is the main communication tool used by human beings. Language has to have a storage place where pronunciation, definition, and parts of speech are stored. The storage place is called the lexicon. Lexicon is the bridge between language and knowledge. Language is a system of communication that is governed by a system of rules (Galotti, 2015). There are 4 levels of language, structure, and processing. In addition, Charles  Hockett identified 13 key features of the human language. The ability to turn language into communication through words, and then pull information from a person’s experiences, education, environment, and culture is a magnificent feat to accomplish, and it is through language that people are able to express their ideas because of the role cognition plays within language. References Anderson, J. R. (2015). Cognitive Psychology and its implications (8th ed.). New York, New York: Worth Publishers. Galotti, K. M. (2014). Cognitive psychology in and out of the laboratory (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Goldstein, E. B. (2014). Sensation and perception (9th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Hyde, K. (1998). The features of human language. Retrieved May 14, 2011, from http://people.exeter.ac.uk/bosthaus/Lecture/hockett1.htm Willingham, D. T. (2007). Cognition: The thinking animal (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Allyn & Bacon

Consider the extent to which firms within the UK post Hargreaves are now better placed to engage with eCommerce

our site – CUSTOM ESSAY WRITING – DISSERTATION EXAMPLE Introduction In the period prior to the commissioning of the Hargreaves Review by the government, concerns were raised by the government that the UK was not in a sufficiently strong position when it came to encouraging intellectual property and technology growth, particularly when competing with other jurisdictions. As a result, the Prime Minister commissioned a review in November 2010, which aimed to look at the ways in which intellectual property could be used to achieve growth in the economy. The purpose of this paper is to look at the impact of the Hargreaves Review and to consider what this means to firms looking to engage with e-commerce. Although the review aimed to look at the broader issues of the intellectual property framework, it has clearly had a greater impact on certain industries, including those engaging with e-commerce[1]. The government has largely adopted the findings of the Hargreaves Review in the report of 3rd August 2011[2] and these have been included in the Enterprise Regulatory Reform Act 2013 which received Royal Assent on 25th April 2013. These provisions will be considered alongside the background and the perceived problems that the review was looking to tackle, before looking at the likely impact this would then have on all aspects of intellectual property, as well as on e-commerce, in general. Finally, conclusions will be drawn[3] Background A fundamental part of the report is focused on the fact that intellectual property is an important aspect of achieving growth. Moreover, the government views intellectual property as a means of stimulating economic growth and this is also seen to be the case for online activity associated with typical e-commerce transactions, with the ability of companies to buy and sell items or in order to have an online presence[4]. Intellectual property laws must necessarily adapt and change to deal with surrounding circumstances; the technology itself must also become much more forward thinking. There are concerns however that copyright law is beginning to act in a way that creates barriers for the development of new and innovative product ideas. But, on the flipside, in the event that companies are able to act entirely freely, there would be no incentive to invest and the ability of e-commerce companies in the UK to compete internationally, as others simply come along and take on board their in vestment and thoughts for their own benefit[5]. The focus of the review was on the intellectual property framework and this extends beyond purely looking at e-commerce, which deals with the buying and selling of products and services online. However, for the purposes of this report, many of the findings relating to intellectual property, in general, can be seen to be directly linked to the potential stimulation of growth within e-commerce. In order to consider the impact that the Hargreaves Review will have on e-commerce, specifically, it is first necessary to look at the key proposals that emanated from the review and how these have then been adapted or applied by the government. Key Changes Proposed The key changes that were proposed by the review include[6]: creation of a digital copyright exchange, to make it much easier for organisations, including those that operate solely online, to license copyright protected works; to introduce a general right in order to allow individuals to use work where it is not possible to find the author; to place certain limits on the use of copyright, so that issues, e.g. non-commercial research and format shifting, are not seen to be an infringement; the introduction of a small claims track to the patent’s County Court, in order to make enforcement easier for SMEs; also, to support SMEs, it has been advised that there should be an investigation into the impact of having patent clusters and the ability of an SME to grow and evolve; a focus needs to be placed on assisting SMEs in getting value from the IP that they have established; and the provision of mediation services to deal with intellectual property disputes in a much more cost-effective and commercially minded way. There are multiple process based changes proposed as part the review however the actual implementation is the ongoing focus of this paper with particular reference to how the application of these changes will potentially impact on the UK e-commerce arena. Broadly speaking there are two key perspectives, the need to protect the position of companies without potentially increasing the regulatory burdens and preventing the company themselves from being involved in the infringement of intellectual property rights. By looking at the government approach to each of the recommendations, this issue can be explored in more detail[7]. The conclusion reached by the Hargreaves review that intellectual property is important for growth needs to be taken seriously and is a key merit of the proposals. More specifically, the review notes that the protection of intellectual property needs go beyond simply looking at the core intellectual property industries, but is also relevant to a wide variety of industries, some of which are operating through e-commerce alone. In many cases, there may be useful ideas and work that is prevented from being used, simply because the author cannot be located or permission cannot be obtained[8]. Of particular interest to e-commerce in the UK is likely to be the second statement that the current intellectual property nuclear framework is falling behind the technology infrastructure available for these types of firms; therefore, in order to encourage any form of innovation within e-commerce, it is necessary to have a framework in place to protect this type of investment[9]. Copyright – Modernisation within the E-Commerce Arena, The Pros and Cons The establishment of the digital copyright exchange is one of the central recommendations which are likely to have a direct impact on e-commerce firms, as well as on other industries that have a degree in reliance on digital copyright. This is one of the key benefits and merits associated with the proposal and is worthy of particular note. The review requires the government to consider ways in which it can develop an effective market to copyright licensing, which can take control of the market when it is not emerging of its own right. By creating additional copyright exchange, the UK government is able to ensure that a more efficient marketplace is provided for both owners and purchases. This makes it considerably easier for those involved in copyright, whether as an owner or a purchaser in the purchasing and giving of licences, the e-commerce arena becomes much more transparent, with a consistent approach that is relatively easy to follow due to the fact that there is one consistent digital exchange. This would enable e-commerce organisations either to purchase licences or to sell licences in a manner that is consistent and transparent to all parties, thus making it more viable to invest in copyright. It would also enable the company to gain access to copyrighted material, so that it can then develop the business without being thwarted by authors that cannot be located or similar blockages in the availability of copyright licences. The issue of copyright protection is argued to be the fundamental area of reform for e- commerce organisations post Hargreaves and will be the focus here, in order to gain a practical understanding of the impact of this review on e-commerce, in general. Several different issues need to be looked at from a practical perspective, including the fact that businesses will often be prevented from gaining access to data, due to the lack of availability of copyright licences. Other issues include the businesses themselves complaining that it is difficult to enforce remedies and that copyright is extremely complex when dealing with online violations, something which is likely to be particularly prevalent within e-commerce organisations. Regardless of the perspective being taken by each individual organisation, the fundamental argument presented by the review is that the framework for copyright law across the European Union, including the UK, is simply no longer reflective of the digital economy and e-commerce activity, from a technical perspective. Redressing the balance is a key part of the review and is likely to be the area that has the most practical impact on e-commerce. In order to consider the real impact of these changes, two distinct stages will be undertaken: the first to identify the arguments for reforming copyright; the second to look at the approach taken by the policymakers and the practical application of these changing policies. The review placed a heavy emphasis on noting that the digital economy is central to economic growth, with e-commerce being a fundamental part of the digital economy. Evidence from the European Commission has shown that creative industries are increasing at a rate of approximately 3.5%, in the UK, compared to an average across all industries of just 1%. This shows just how important it is to have the appropriate framework in place to support the digital economy and to ensure that those engaging in areas such as e-commerce have a framework within which to operate, effectively[10]. As noted by the European Commission[11] it wants to work towards a â€Å"copyright framework that guarantees effective recognition and remuneration of rights holders in order to provide sustainable incentives for creativity, cultural diversity and innovation; opens up greater access and a wider choice of legal offers to end users; allows new business models to emerge; and contributes to combating illegal offers and piracy†. The digital copyright exchange was looked at as a potential opportunity by the UK government, with the initial phase of the digital copyright now being recognised as a crucial aspect to online business and offers a real opportunity for e-commerce for those organisations to gain a much clearer idea of where copyright is owned and how it can then be licensed. As noted by Hargreaves: â€Å"an automated e-commerce website or network of websites which allows licensors to set out the rights they wish to license and allows licensees to acquire those rights from the licensors†. Although progress has been made in this area, it is unlikely that this digital copyright exchange will be able to operate as a marketplace whereby any organisation can simply log on, but rather the additional copyright exchange facility will enable an entity to interact with others through the hub created, in a way that may not have been possible previously. This is a fundamental step forward for those involved in e-commerce[12]. Although no singular digital copyright exchange has yet been established, the government and surrounding policies towards achieving this will have a dramatic impact on a variety of industries, most notably those that have historically found it difficult to manage and control copyright licences and to deal with online infringement. Despite the recognition of the potential benefits of this type of copyright exchange, the parliamentary report notes that it is crucially important that any overall digital copyright exchange which is established must not increase the regulatory burden for those engaged in e-commerce, while still offering more consistent protection and transparency within the system[13]. Certain copyright exceptions have been suggested by virtue of the Hargreaves Review, with content mining being one of the more controversial proposed exceptions. The Hargreaves review defines content mining as being â€Å"the automated analytical techniques such as text and data mining work by copying existing electronic information, for instance articles in scientific journals and other works, and analysing the data they contain for patterns, trends and other useful information†. The parliamentary report has raised concerns that this type of interaction will jeopardise primary markets when it comes to copyright works and these types of arrangements should be dealt with in contractual solutions, rather than creating a global copyright exception. By having these exceptions in place however it is argued that some of the potency of the reforms would be lost and unnecessary complexities experienced, adding to the administrative burden. The extent of the copyright exceptions are al so likely to have a dramatic impact on the practical operation of the Hargreaves Review therefore warranted an element of discussion in its own right. Although there have been notable discussions as part of the parliamentary report established a result of the Hargreaves Review, the content of the Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Bill 2013 has now been given Royal Assent on 23 April 2013, in order to deal with many aspects of the Hargreaves Review and make them statutory provisions. Some of these key changes will potentially have a dramatic impact on e-commerce. The 2013 Act has presented the Business Secretary with a much wider range of opportunities to create new rules, in order to deal with the management of orphan works, i.e. works whereby no author can be found. The Intellectual Property Office is working towards creating a situation whereby, provided an organisation or individual can show that they have made a diligent search for the original owner, the author’s works can then be licensed to them, thus creating opportunities for those involved in e-commerce to gain access to previously unavailable material. It also presents a potential challenge whereby the commerce organisations need to be more forward thinking when protecting their own copyright. This creates some difficulty of adjustment and from an administrative point of view for the organisations looking to implement these requirements. As well as the changes brought in by the 2013 Act in the UK, the government is still looking at various aspects of the EU Commission’s Digital Agenda for Europe, which has the underlying purpose of ensuring that cross-border e-commerce is more transparent, with little or no obstacles when trading across the EU digital single market. Furthermore, a wide variety of factors were perceived to be relevant in terms of establishing an efficient digital single market, many of which are likely to have a dramatic impact on the e-commerce industry, particularly when it comes to establishing a framework for protecting its own copyright position, as well as dealing with the opportunity to utilise information and data that would be easily be unavailable due to the author not being readily identifiable[14]. The Future for E-Commerce By looking at the various different elements of the Hargreaves Review as well as the issues are being taken forward by the UK government, as well as the EU Commission looking at the creation of a single digital market, there are several key factors being driven into the future, with the likelihood of having a direct impact on firms operating within the ecommerce arena. The key impacts that have been identified in this paper have been done with the recognition that many of these proposals remain as proposals, rather than specific rules and regulations that have yet to be implemented. There are multiple elements of the Hargreaves Review and the e-commerce conditions post-Hargreaves Review, which are worthy of recognition and are likely to have a dramatic impact on e-commerce, in the UK, in the long-term. The pressure to create an EU single market, therefore, is likely to be one of the majors driving factors, with UK firms being able to operate across the entire EU, with no barriers. While this increases opportunities, it also potentially increases competition and requires those engaged in e-commerce in the UK to become much more astute, in terms of what is happening outside their immediate jurisdiction. It is also suggested that the digital copyright exchange is going to provide a much more robust framework for those engaged in e-commerce to protect their own position, particularly when dealing with online violations of copyright which are becoming increasingly prevalent in certain industries, such as music and photography, in recent years. Fundamentally, it is concluded in this paper that the real impact is the fact that IP has brought to the attention of the legislators and has required the UK government to consider what it needs to do for the future so that those engaged in e-commerce to be able to protect their own position and to become on a level playing field with other jurisdictions. It is this recognition of the need to create transparency and to deal with many of the historic difficulties in this area that is likely to have the greatest impact, regardless of the proposals which are actually enacted in the long run. References Bakhshi, H., Hargreaves I. and Mateos-Garcia, J (2013( A Manifesto for the Creative Economy, London: Nesta. Brinkley, I and Lee, N (2007) The Knowledge Economy in Europe: A Report prepared for the 2007 EU Spring Council, London: Work Foundation. European Commission, (2012) Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on Collective Management of Copyright and Related Rights and Multi-Territorial Licensing of Rights in Musical Works for Online Uses in the Internal Market, COM(2012) 372 final, Brussels: European Commission. Ghafele R and Gibert, B (2012) The Economic Value of Fair Use in Copyright Law: Counterfactual Impact Analysis of Fair Use Policy on Private Copying Technology and Copyright Markets in Singapore, MPRA, 2012. Hargreaves, I (2011) Digital Opportunity: An Independent Review of Intellectual Property and Growth, London: Intellectual Property Office. Manyika et. al., (2011) Big Data: The Next Frontier for Innovation, Competition and Productivity San Francisco: McKinsey Global Institute. Mettler A and Williams, A (2012) Wired for Growth and Innovation: How Digital Technologies are Reshaping Small- and Medium-Sized Businesses and Empowering Entrepreneurs, Brussels: Lisbon Council. OECD, (2012) â€Å"Internet Economy Outlook 2012† Samuelson, P, (2010) The Copyright Principles Project: Directions for Reform, Berkeley: Copyright Principles Project. Veugelers, R. (2012). New ICT Sectors: Platforms for European Growth, Brussels: Bruegel.

Free Essays on Personal Problems And Public Issues

We don’t often think of the problems we go through as sociological issues, but in looking at the lives of similar groups of people we can see that many of the everyday problems of average people occur on a larger basis in our country. Some are easier to spot such as unemployment, even though it affects each person laid off once the rates get to a certain point it is obvious that the rates are due to economical factors not the characteristics of each individual (Mills 1). I have found that a problem that is becoming more evident in our everyday lives is a growing us of dangerous supplements in teenage athletes. When I was thirteen I started in my first school sport. I became a wrestler. I fell in love with the sport. As I grew older it was something that dominated my life on and off the mat. I often found myself in class wishing I was wrestling. Naturally as I became older I also became more a competitive athlete as did the rest of my friends that wrestled or played any high school sport for that matter. Talk of being a competitor at state championships or who was favored at the next match often filled the hallways. Generally this competition appeared a good thing to me. I was a better athlete because of that competition. Being a wrestler I often heard people talk about â€Å"why would you do that to your body?† referring to dropping weight. At first the idea seemed absurd. The conversations with others about what supplements I was taking or not taking took place almost every day. As I spent more time conversing with wrestlers from other school I found the phenomenon was far from iso lated to my school or even my state. Pills such as Xenadrine, DHEA, and Androstat where almost a necessary thing. To keep up with the bell curve of students taking the same things everyone â€Å"had to do it.† Instead of sticking with these already dangerous or at the very least unhealthy pills people often felt pushed to try even bigger and better things. O... Free Essays on Personal Problems And Public Issues Free Essays on Personal Problems And Public Issues We don’t often think of the problems we go through as sociological issues, but in looking at the lives of similar groups of people we can see that many of the everyday problems of average people occur on a larger basis in our country. Some are easier to spot such as unemployment, even though it affects each person laid off once the rates get to a certain point it is obvious that the rates are due to economical factors not the characteristics of each individual (Mills 1). I have found that a problem that is becoming more evident in our everyday lives is a growing us of dangerous supplements in teenage athletes. When I was thirteen I started in my first school sport. I became a wrestler. I fell in love with the sport. As I grew older it was something that dominated my life on and off the mat. I often found myself in class wishing I was wrestling. Naturally as I became older I also became more a competitive athlete as did the rest of my friends that wrestled or played any high school sport for that matter. Talk of being a competitor at state championships or who was favored at the next match often filled the hallways. Generally this competition appeared a good thing to me. I was a better athlete because of that competition. Being a wrestler I often heard people talk about â€Å"why would you do that to your body?† referring to dropping weight. At first the idea seemed absurd. The conversations with others about what supplements I was taking or not taking took place almost every day. As I spent more time conversing with wrestlers from other school I found the phenomenon was far from iso lated to my school or even my state. Pills such as Xenadrine, DHEA, and Androstat where almost a necessary thing. To keep up with the bell curve of students taking the same things everyone â€Å"had to do it.† Instead of sticking with these already dangerous or at the very least unhealthy pills people often felt pushed to try even bigger and better things. O...

Charles Dickens Hard Times English Literature Essay

Charles Dickens Hard Times English Literature Essay The research paper explores the basic ideas related to Psychoanalysis in the context of Charles Dickens Hard Times. Sigmund Freud laid the foundation of ‘Psychoanalysis’. The research paper is based on Freudian Psychoanalysis as it attempts to study the characters in this novel in its light. The psychoanalytic theory refers to the concept of the development of personality and its changing dynamics. It studies the influence of childhood impressions on the personality development of the adults and on their mental functioning. It focusses on the ideas based on personality which include the division of psyche into the id, the ego and the superego, repression, transference and fantasy. The research paper studies and analyses these ideas in relation to the characters in this novel. It also explores the ideas in the mind of the author in the light of this novel. Keywords: Psychoanalysis, personality development, id, ego, superego, repression, transference, parentification, fan tasy Psychoanalysis is a psychological and psychotherapeutic theory because it deals with the scientific study of mental functions and behaviours and it is also used for therapeutic interaction or treatment of a patient by a psychologist or a psychiatrist. It is devised by an Austrian neurologist called Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) in the late nineteenth and the early twentieth century. This field has evolved over a period of time but has also been the target of scathing criticism. Charles Dickens’ (1812-1870) Hard Times (1854) is a study in psychoanalysis because the characters in this novel depict the mental functions and behaviours of individuals in real life. In this novel, Louisa Gradgrind, the daughter of Thomas Gradgrind and wife of Josiah Bounderby, experiences a nervous breakdown as she realizes that she despises her husband Josiah Bounderby but may be romantically inclined towards James Harthouse. She is not sure of her feelings towards James Harthouse as she is unable to experience any emotion whatsoever. She feels miserable and is unable to rectify the situation. She finally makes a candid confession in front of her father. She tells her father: â€Å"And I so young. In this condition, father – for I show you now, without fear or favour, the ordinary deadened state of my mind as I know it – you proposed my husband to me. I took him. I never made a pretence to him or you that I loved him. I knew, and, father, you knew, and he knew, that I never didà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hard Times 212) â€Å"I am coming to it. Father, chance then threw into my way a new acquaintance, a man such as I had no experience of; used to the world; light, polished, easy; making no pretences; avowing the low estimate of everything, that I was half afraid to form in secret; conveying to what degrees, that he understood me, and read my thought. I could not find that he was worse than I. There seemed to be a near affinity between us. I only wondered it shoul d be worth his while, who cared for nothing else, to care so much for me.† (Hard Times 213)

Consumer behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Consumer behaviour - Essay Example These characteristics cannot be controlled by the companies; therefore, a need to assess these elements in order to create an effective marketing plan. Marketing plans and strategies would be incomplete without paying much consideration to the customers. Customers will and should always be a part of the agenda in any marketing plan of any company. Because of the implications for profitability and growth, customer retention is potentially one of the most powerful weapons that companies can employ in their fight to gain a strategic advantage and survive in todays ever increasing competitive environment (Lindenmann, 1999). Consumers purchase products and services for the benefits derived from their use. While the study of economics focuses on outcomes, consumer behavior emphasizes the process. Rather than assuming perfect conditions, researchers of consumer behavior explicitly recognize the impact of situational elements on behavior and the variance among individuals faced with the same conditions† Which means that consumers buy products for the benefits they reap out of it, the study of consumer behavior investigates the steps, or the processes involved regarding the decisions made by the consumer (Jobber, 2007). Values are basically the basis of one’s attitude or restriction in attitude. Some examples of values include freedom, pleasure, inner harmony, and happiness. Heroes, on the other hand, refer to icons in the society that may have an impact on people of different levels. Examples of heroes are sports figure or pop culture figures. As stated that heroes may influence consumer behavior through their association with certain products and brands. The same goes with rituals, or symbolic activities commonly performed over and over, such as bathing, tooth brushing, attending to mass, to school, etc. Their involvement on the consumption of consumer products makes them important for consumer behavior. Finally, these symbols are equally important